EPC vs BOT vs HAM: Funding, Risk and Disputes Under India’s Highway Models (2026)
EPC vs BOT vs HAM explained: who funds, who bears traffic risk and how each model pays, the August 2026 BOT (Toll) and September 2026 HAM model concession changes, NHAI’s January 2026 dispute circular, and rulings in DMRC v. DAMEPL and NHAI v. Vadodara Mumbai Expressway.
Release of Performance Security in Construction Contracts: GFR Rule 171, NHAI’s 2026 Phased Release and Key Rulings
When does release of performance security fall due? GFR Rule 171 validity, the December 2023 3–10% works cap, NHAI’s July 2026 phased release of Additional Performance Security, Eagle Infra v. JUIDCO, ISGEC v. Prakash Industries and Jai Durgaa Finvest (2026), plus a contractor checklist.
Liquidated Damages in Construction Contracts in India: Section 74, Proof of Loss and 2026 Supreme Court Ruling
How liquidated damages in construction contracts work in India: Section 74 of the Contract Act, when proof of loss is needed, the public utility presumption, Saisudhir Energy v. NVVNL (2026), Consolidated Construction Consortium v. STPI (2025) and a contractor’s defence checklist.
Price Escalation Claim in Construction Contracts: Price Variation Clauses, Contractual Bars and 2025 Rulings
How a price escalation claim in construction contracts works in India: price variation clauses, firm-price and no-damages bars, K.N. Sathyapalan, C & C Constructions v. IRCON (2025), Somdatt Builders v. NHAI (2025), BHEL v. Koneru (Delhi HC) and a contractor checklist.
Force Majeure in Construction Contracts in India: Sections 32 and 56, Notice Rules and 2025 Supreme Court Ruling
How force majeure in construction contracts works in India: Sections 32 and 56 of the Contract Act, NHAI model concession categories, the MoF May 2020 OM, Energy Watchdog, Halliburton v. Vedanta, MEP Infrastructure and the 2025 CESC v. Saisudhir ruling on notice as a condition precedent.
Termination Payment Under Concession Agreement: NHAI Formula, Lender Rights and 2026 Rulings
How termination payment under a concession agreement works in India: the NHAI model formula (90% of Debt Due vs Debt Due plus 150% of Adjusted Equity), the March 2024 BOT (Toll) amendments, DMRC v. DAMEPL, NHAI v. South Indian Bank and NHAI v. Kurukshetra Expressway (2026), and a checklist for concessionaires and lenders.
How to Challenge a Government Tender in India: Grounds, Steps and 2026 Supreme Court Rulings
How to challenge a government tender in India: grounds courts accept, GFR Rules 144 and 173, a six-step process, limits under Sections 20A and 41(ha) of the Specific Relief Act, and rulings from N.G. Projects to Steag Energy and Micky Traders (2026).
Retention Money in Construction Contracts: When It Falls Due and How Contractors Can Recover It
Retention money in construction contracts explained: when it falls due after the defect liability period, the GFR Rule 171 cap of 3%–10% for works, interest bars after Manraj Enterprises, NCLAT’s operational-debt ruling and a recovery checklist for contractors.
Hot-listing of Contractors in India: Grounds, Procedure and How to Challenge It (2026)
How blacklisting of contractors in India works: GFR Rule 151 and the May 2026 debarment amendments, the show cause notice rule, maximum periods, Techno Prints (2025) and A.K.G. Construction (2026), and steps to challenge a blacklisting order.
Works Contract Under MSMED Act: Can Contractors Use the MSME Facilitation Council?
Is a works contract covered under the MSMED Act? The Bombay, Calcutta, Telangana and Delhi High Court split, 2025–2026 rulings, Supreme Court principles on Section 18 and the 75% deposit, and a checklist for contractors and employers.